TRANSLATION

THE DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION

1. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL) (Catford, 1969:20)
2.  Translation is made possible by an equivalence of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions. (Savory, 1969:13)
3. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 1969:12)
4. Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an  SL   utterance. (Pinchuck,177:38)
5. Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message or statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7).

It can be concluded that :

In translation we use common terms, such as :

Equivalent           = similar

Textual material = written message

Reproducing       = replacing

   Translation equivalence can in rank of word for word, phrase for phrase, sentence for sentence etc.

  Your knowledge of grammar plays an important role   when you translate Indonesian to English. 
   English words with multiple meanings should be translated only in their context.

        Translate the following.

1.      A heavy light blue jacket

2.       Offshore oil drilling

3.      A fine silver antique lamp

4.       Paul is fond of belling the cat.

5.       Ki Dalang memainkan wayang kulit semalam suntuk.

6.       Andai Yusuf Kalla menang dalam pemilu capres, dia tentu akan menjadi presiden Indonesia.

7.       They have to make a few changes , but at least they haven’t got to start again from the scratch.

TYPES AND CATAGORIES OF TRANSLATION

Catford (1969:2) divides translation into three distinctive types :

1.      Full translation v.s Partial translation

2.      Total v.s Restricted translation

3.      Rank of translation

Full  v.s Partial translation

Full translation is translation which every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material. E.g.

- Saya akan membeli 2 buku                  =  I will buy two  books.

-Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa            = They didn’t buy anything.

While Partial translation is translation which part of SL text is left untranslated. E.g

-  I like humberger                                  = Saya suka humberger.

-  Orang hutan itu sejenis monyet          = Orangutan is a kind of ape.

Total v.s Restricted translation

Total translation is translation which SL grammar and lexis are replaced by nequivalent TL grammar and lexis. E.g.

The child   has slept     for         three hours .

Anak itu    telah tidur   selama   tiga jam.

While in Restricted translation the replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar but with no repl
acement of lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar. E.g.

• Anak itu     telah tidur   selama  tiga jam.

  Noun Det /Aux Verb3 /prep /     Det Noun

• Anak itu      telah tidur        selama   tiga       jam.

  Child  that / already sleep /  for /    three/  hour

Rank of Translation

The rank of translation can be in the form of :

•    Word to word translation

The child   has slept     for         three hours .

Anak itu    telah tidur  selama    tiga jam.

While in Restricted translation the replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar but with no replsacement of lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar. E.g.

Anak itu     telah tidur   selama  tiga jam.

  Noun Det /Aux Verb3 /prep /     Det Noun

Anak itu      telah tidur        selama   tiga       jam.

  Child  that / already sleep /  for /    three/  hour

Rank of Translation

The rank of translation can be in the form of :

•  Word to word translation
•  Phrase to phrase translation.
• Sentence to sentence translation.
•  Paragraph to paragraph translation
• Discourse to discourse translation

Jacobson, 1959:234 divides translation into three types :

1.      Intralingual  translation.

Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. E.g. Paraphrasing

2.      Interlingual translation.

Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other languages.

E.g. the replacement of SL text into the  equivalent  TL text.

3.      Intersemiotic translation.

Interpretation of verbal signs by means of sign systems.   

E.g. From verbal art into music, dance , cinema or painting.

Savory categorizes translation into four types:

1.      Perfect translation

Translation which contains purely informative statement, such as notices which are hung in public places. E.g. in some air terminals.

“Please ensure that your baggage is correct before leaving the air terminal.”

2.       Adequate translation.

 Translation which is intended for entertainment E.g. Translating novel, story etc

3.       Composite translation.

Translation which is focused on the intellectual exercises   to get intellectual pleasure. E.g. Translation of prose into prose, poetry into poetry or vise versa.

4.      Scientific and technical translation.

Translation that is needed to gain intrinsic important of the original work.

State which of the following translations belongs to full, partial, or total translation.

1. Bill will arrive here soon = Bill akan segera datang kemari.
2. Ibu senang makan rujak  = Mother likes to eat rujak..
3. My father has worked hard = Ayah saya telah bekerja giat.
4. John akan pergi ke Surabaya besok = John will go to Surabaya tomorrow.

Translate the following using perfect translation.

1. No trespassing
2. Dilarang masuk kecuali peserta ujian dan pengawas ujian.
3. Silahkan memeriksa jawaban anda sekali lagi.
4. Pastikan sepeda motor anda terkunci.